NHS Knee Replacement Surgery: Complete Patient Guide
Knee replacement (arthroplasty) is performed over 90,000 times a year on the NHS. This guide covers who needs the procedure, what to expect during surgery, recovery timelines, and risks — helping you make an informed decision with your NHS consultant.
- Operation time: 1–2 hours
- Anaesthetic: General or spinal anaesthetic
- Hospital stay: 3–5 days typically
- Return to light activity: 6 weeks
- Full recovery: 6 months to 1 year
- Implant lifespan: 15–20+ years
What is Knee Replacement Surgery?
Knee replacement surgery involves removing damaged bone and cartilage from the knee joint and replacing the surfaces with metal and plastic components that replicate the smooth, natural gliding of a healthy knee. The procedure is primarily performed to relieve pain caused by severe osteoarthritis.
There are two main types: total knee replacement (TKR), where the entire knee joint surface is replaced, and partial (unicompartmental) knee replacement, where only one side of the knee is replaced. Your consultant will advise which is more suitable based on which part of your knee is damaged.
Who Qualifies for an NHS Knee Replacement?
Your GP may refer you for knee replacement if you have severe, persistent knee pain — particularly from osteoarthritis — that significantly affects your mobility and daily life, and has not been adequately controlled with physiotherapy, pain relief, steroid injections, or other non-surgical treatments.
Some NHS Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) apply additional criteria — such as a minimum BMI threshold or requirements to complete physiotherapy first. Ask your GP what applies in your local area.
Recovery After Knee Replacement
- Day 1–2: Physiotherapy begins in hospital. Most patients can stand and take steps with support.
- Week 1–6: Walking with crutches. Swelling and pain is managed with medication and elevation.
- Month 1–3: Returning to light activities, driving (typically after 6 weeks, once you can do an emergency stop). Continue physiotherapy exercises daily.
- Month 3–6: Most patients return to everyday activities. Swimming often permitted from 6–8 weeks.
- Year 1: Progressive improvement in strength and mobility with ongoing exercises.
Risks and Complications
Medical Disclaimer: This page provides general information only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your NHS GP or consultant about your individual circumstances.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long is the NHS waiting list for knee replacement surgery?
NHS waiting times vary significantly by trust and region. The NHS target is 18 weeks from GP referral to treatment, but many patients wait 12–18 months. Ask your GP about the NHS e-Referral system to compare hospitals with shorter waits.
How long does recovery from knee replacement take?
Most people can walk with a frame within one day of surgery. You can usually return to light activities within 6–12 weeks, though full recovery and the benefit of improved mobility may take up to 12 months. NHS physiotherapy is a vital part of recovery.
How long does a knee replacement last?
Modern knee implants are designed to last 15–20 years or more. Studies show around 90% are still functioning well after 15 years. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding high-impact sports can help extend the implant’s lifespan.